Spanish 001

The picture on the front of this book was taken by Scarlett Sabine “Chuchi” my granddaughter on our first , grandma and granddaughter, trip to Puerto Rico in July 2016.

Allamanda cathartica, commonly called golden trumpet,[2] common trumpetvine,[2] and yellow allamanda,[2] is a species of flowering plant of the genus Allamanda in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to Brazil. This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.

It does not twine, nor does it have tendrils or aerial roots. It can be pruned into a shrub form. If not pruned it can sprawl to a height of 20 feet.[3]

The city of Canóvanas, Puerto Rico has adopted this species, known locally as canario amarillo, as its official flower.[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamanda_cathartica#cite_note-3

Spanish 001 by Ana Ivette Serrano and Serrano, Ana is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

This book was produced using Pressbooks.com.

1

Introduction

For both, the teacher and student alike, this Spanish I book is intended for a first-year, college Elementary Spanish I level. It also attempts to make the study of a language in this case, Spanish, more than another required subject. Eliminating the artificial limitation of the traditional textbook, offers the teacher and the student the ability to tailor the content to their own needs. Also, this book tries to show the value of learning a second language from a high quality pedagogical criteria at a low cost solution.

Features include:

- Clearly defined objectives in communication, culture, and grammar are given at the start of each chapter, and summary exercises.

- Many activities are provided in a practical context in which to practice.

- Concise grammar explanations address the level of language acquisition for non-major language students. Carefully chosen communicative goals focus on low to intermediate ACTFL oral proficiency skills.

- The book recycles material on a regular basis to encourage the student to see the value of continual learning progression rather than testability.

Basic Vocabulary

Learning Objectives

Communication

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

- Meet and greet others in the proper Spanish pronunciation and common greetings

- Talk about the calendar and the dates structures in Spanish

- Count to 100 and tell time

- Identify some body parts

- Talk about your family members

Culture in the Spanish-speaking world

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

- Where Spanish is spoken and by how many people

- http://www.pewhispanic.org/2016/04/19/statistical-portrait-of-hispanics-in-the-united-states-key-charts/

- Identify Spanish speaking countries’ geography

- España https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html

- México https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html

- Puerto Rico https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html

- República Dominicana https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dr.html

- Cuba https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html

Topic 1 Common Greetings

Saludos Greetings
Hola.
Hello.

Buenos días.
Good morning.

Buenas tardes.
Good afternoon.

Buenas noches.
Good evening.

¿Cómo está usted?

How are you? (formal)

¿Cómo estás tú? How are you? (informal)

(Muy) Bien. (Very) Good

(Muy) Mal. (Very) Bad

¿Qué tal?

¿Cómo se llama? (formal)

¿Cómo te llamas? (informal)

Me llamo… My name is…

Mucho gusto. Nice to meet you

Practícalo…

1. Hola, buenos días, ¿Cómo estás?

Buenos días, estoy bien,  ¿y tú?

Bien, ¿y tú?

¿Cómo te llamas?

Me llamo… ¿y tú?

Me llamo…

2. Hola, buenas tardes, ¿cómo está usted?

Buenas tardes, bien gracias, ¿y usted?

¿Cómo se llama usted?

Me llamo… ¿y usted?

Me llamo…

Hasta pronto.

Despedidas Goodbyes

Adiós. Goodbye

Hasta luego. So long.

Hasta pronto. See you soon

Hasta mañana. Until tomorrow.

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Expresiones de cortesía
Courtesy Expressions

Por favor. Please.

Lo siento. I am sorry.

Con permiso. Excuse me.

Gracias. Muchas gracias. Thank you. Thank you very much.

De nada. Your welcome.

Perdón. Pardon me.

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Acentos

In Spanish many words have written accentuation or Acentos

To place the Acentos over the vowels, use the following keyboard shortcuts for international symbols.

Press Alt and the following number simultaneously and let go of the keys.

Alt 0225 á      Alt 0193 Á

Alt 0233 é     Alt 0201 É

Alt 0237  í     Alt 0205 Í

Alt 0243 ó     Alt 0211 Ó

Alt 0250 ú     Alt 0218 Ú

Alt 164 ñ    Alt 165 Ñ

Alt 168 ¿

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V. Write a conversation.

Úsalo

Using the following examples, choose the appropriate expressions and introduce yourself to two classmates. Write a greeting under Estudiante 1 column. Follow with an appropriate response under Estudiante 2 column. PLEASE NOTE For this activity  you will need to complete the exercise in a word document or a page of notebook paper. It is not available as an interactive exercise like the activities above.

1. Hola / Adiós / Hasta luego

2. Buenos días / Buenas tardes / Buenas noches

3. ¿Cómo estás / ¿Cómo está usted?

4. ¿Cómo te llamas? / ¿Cómo se llama usted?

ESTUDIANTE 1

ESTUDIANTE 2

Ejemplo: Hola

Buenas tardes

Topic 2 The Alphabet

Guide to Pronunciation

The Spanish alphabet is very similar to the English alphabet with the exception of ñ. The pronunciation of each letter is precise, and the pronunciation of the words is produced by adding the sounds of each individual letter.

The Vowels

A a Like in banana

E e Like in olé

I i Like in Indiana

O o Like in loco

U u Like in Urugüay

EXCEPTIONS

C ccelery and cilantro

G ghello and history

H h silent

J (h)hi!

ll (y) yes

ñ (ny) canyon

qu (k) king

v (b) burro

z (s) sail

Letra

Nombre

Ejemplos

A

a

Panamá, Caracas

B

be

Bogotá, Bolivia

C

ce

(before a, o, or u like the English {k}:) Cancún, Colombia
(before e or i like the English {s}:) celery, cilantro

Ch

che

Chile, Machu Pichu

D

de

domingo, diciembre

E

e

Ecuador, enero

F

efe

febrero

G

ge

(before a, o, or u like the English {g}:) gato, Gustavo, Gómez
(before e or i like the English {h}:) generoso, Gibraltar

H

hache

Honduras, hermano (SILENT)

I

i

isla, invierno

J

jota

{h} junio, jueves

K

ka

kayak, kiwi

L

ele

lunes, Lima

Ll

elle

quesadilla, llave

M

eme

marzo, mayo

N

ene

noviembre, norte

Ñ

eñe

España, niño

O

o

octubre,  otoño

P

pe

Perú, primavera

Q

cu

(only in combinations of QUE or QUI) qué, quién

R

ere

Rosa,  república

S

ese

sábado, septiembre

T

te

tener, tú,

U

u

universo, universidad

V

ve

(like the English {b}:) viernes, verano

W

doble v

(only in words of foreign origin like:) Washington, William

X

equis

(like the English x:) México

Y

ye

Yo, Yolanda

Z

zeta

(like the English {s}:) azul, zona

Cognates and Pronunciation Practice

Practícalo

Some words in Spanish are long and might have some letters combinations that you are not familiar or are not found in the English language.

Syllables are important for knowing how the letters combine together for correct pronunciation, as well as when a word may need an orthographic accent or not.

As often as possible, create each syllable with a consonant followed by a vowel.

sá’-ba-do

ma’-no

ca’-ra

The cognates* list below, will facilitate the pronunciation in Spanish and help you identify some words you already know from their English counterparts.

*Cognates are words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation.

fa-bu-lo-so

de-li-ci-o-so

ma-ra-vi-llo-so

ner-vi-o-so

mag-ní-fi-co

es-tú-pi-do

cu-rio-so

re-li-gi-o-so

po-pu-lar

fu-rio-so

fan-tás-ti-co

a-par-ta-men-to

Practícalo

What is the most important name in the world?

Write your first name and look for the name of each letter.

Spell your name in Spanish.

Ejemplo: ¿Como te llamas? Me llamo Anita. A-ene-i-te-a. ¿Cómo te llamas?

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Topic 3 Geography

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País

Continente

Ciudad Capital

Nacionalidad

Argentina

argentino/argentina

Bolivia

boliviano/boliviana

Chile

chileno/chilena

Colombia

colombiano/colombiana

Ecuador

ecuatoriano/ecuatoriana

Paragüay

paragüayo/paragüaya

Perú

peruano/peruana

Urugüay

urugüayo/urugüaya

Venezuela

venezolano/venezolana

Costa Rica

costarricense

El Salvador

salvadoreño/salvadoreña

Guatemala

guatemalteco/guatemalteca

Honduras

hondureño/hondureña

Nicaragua

nicaragüense

Panamá

panemeño/panemeña

México

mexicano/mexicana

Cuba

cubano/cubana

Puerto Rico

puertorriqueño/puertorriqueña

Repúlica Dominicana

dominicano/dominicana

España

español/española

Guinea Ecuatorial

guineano ecuatoriano
/guineana ecuatoriana

1. Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey are transcontinental countries.

2. Egypt is a transcontinental country.

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Topic 4 Calendar

Los días, los meses y las estaciones del año

El día/Los días Days

lunes, martes, miércoles, jueves, viernes, sábado y domingo

Always written in lower case, unless they start a sentence.

El mes/Los meses Months

enero, febrero, marzo, abril, mayo, junio, julio, agosto, septiembre, octubre, noviembre y diciembre

Always written in lower case, unless they start a sentence.

Las estaciones del año Seasons

el invierno, la primavera, el verano y el otoño

Always written in lower case, unless they start a sentence.

Vocabulario

el calendario

the calendar

la semana

the week

el fin de semana

the weekend

los días de la semana

the days of the week

el mes y los meses

the month and the months

Practícalo…

¿Cuál día de la semana es tu día favorito?

Es el viernes.

¿En qué mes es tu cumpleaños?

Es en octubre.

¿Cuál es tu estación favorita?

Es el verano.

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Llena la tabla con los días de la semana y los números de cada día de este mes. (Fill in the table with the days of this month in Spanish, and its corresponding numbers for each day)
Please complete this activity in a Word Document or on a page of notebook paper.

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Úsalo…

Pregunta en español a un compañero de clase (Ask a classmate in Spanish)

- ¿Qué día es hoy?

- ¿Qué día es mañana?

- ¿Cuáles son los meses del año en español?

- ¿Cuál es tu mes favorito? What is your favorite month?

- ¿Cuál es el mes de tu cumpleaños? What is your birthday month?

- ¿En qué mes empiezan las clases? In what month classes start?

- ¿En qué mes termina el semestre? In what month the semester is over?

- ¿Cuándo tienes vacaciones? When do you have vacation?

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Úsalo…

Completa las siguientes oraciones con el vocabulario: (Complete the sentences with the vocabulary words.) Please complete this activity in a Word Document or on a page of notebook paper.

caliente hot / fresco cool / frío cold

- Enero es (is) ______.

- ________ es caliente.

- Mayo es __________.

- _________es frío.

- __________ es ___________.

- __________ es _________.

- __________ es ____________.

- __________ es ___________.

- __________ es ____________.

- ____________ es ____________.

- _____________, ______________ y ____________ son (are) ____________.

- _____________ y _____________ son ___________.

- ____________, ___________ y _____________ son ____________.

Pregunta a alguien. (Ask someone)

¿Es febrero frío o caliente?
¿Es marzo fresco o frío?
¿Es __________ caliente o fresco?
¿Es ________ __________ o ____________?

Topic 5 Numbers

Los números y la hora

Números Numbers

0 cero

1 uno

11 once

*21 veintiuno

31 treinta y uno

2 dos

12 doce

22 veintidós

32 treinta y dos

3 tres

13 trece

23 veintitrés

33 treinta y tres

4 cuatro

14 catorce

24 veinticuatro

34 treinta y cuatro

5 cinco

15 quince

25 veinticinco

35 treinta y cinco

6 seis

16 dieciséis

26 veintiséis

36 treinta y seis

7 siete

17 diecisiete

27 veintisiete

37 treinta y siete

8 ocho

18 dieciocho

28 veintiocho

38 treinta y ocho

9 nueve

19 diecinueve

29 veintinueve

39 treinta y nueve

10 diez

20 veinte

30 treinta

40 cuarenta,
50 cincuenta,
60 sesenta,
70 setenta,
80 ochenta y
90 noventa
are written in two words.
Check
30 treinta y…
Do not forget “y”

There are two common ways to identify numbers. Cardinal numbers, to express numbers such as the list above, and ordinal numbers, to express order.

- There are three books on the table

- John is third on the line

The cardinal number 21 veintiúno if followed by a masculine noun such as; 21 libros, 21 años, 21 carros, the o is eliminated and becomes veintiún.

Some common ordinal numbers

1st First

1ro Primero/a

2nd Second

2do Segundo/a

3rd Third

3ro Tercero/a

4th Fourth

4to Cuarto/a

Practícalo…

Tengo 21 años.

El mes de septiembre tiene 30 días.

El año tiene 52 semanas.

Un día tiene 24 horas.

Una hora tiene 60 segundos.

Escríbelo…

Los números en tu vida Numbers in your life.

Fill in the blanks in a Word Doc. or a page of notebook paper.
Número de estudiante cinco-tres-ocho-nueve-siete-cinco-dos-cero
Número de teléfono _____________________________________
Número de la casa (house) _______________________________
Número del código (code) postal _______________________________
Número del código de área ___________________________________
Número de la licencia de manejar (driver’s license) _______________________________

La Hora The time

¿Qué hora es?
Is used to ask What time is it?
All times begin with Son las…
Except for Es la una…

En punto (on the dot) O’clock

1:00

Es la una (en punto)

2:00

Son las dos…tres…cuatro…and so on

To express a time after the hour, state the hour and add the letter “y”, then the minutes

1:20

Es la una y veinte.

2:15

Son las dos y quince.

4:19

Son las cuatro y diecinueve.

Also…

1:15

Es la una y cuarto/quince.

2:30

Son las dos y media/treinta.

4:45

Son las cuatro menos cuatro.

Como expresar la hora…

- de la mañana A.M.

- de la tarde P.M.

- de la noche P.M.

- la medianoche

- el mediodia

Son las siete de la mañana (7:00 A.M.)
Es la una de la tarde (1:00 P.M.)
Son las ocho de la noche (8:00 P.M.)
Son las doce de la medianoche (12:00 A.M.)
Son las doce del mediodia (12:00) P.M.

¿A qué hora es la clase de español? (to tell at what time something happens)

1:00 P.M. Es a la una de la tarde.

2:15 P.M. Es a las dos y quince de la tarde.

Practícalo

Listen as your instructor says a time of the day. Draw the in the clock and then write in full sentences in Spanish.

Escríbelo

Use a la o a las to answer the following questions.

Fill in the blanks in a Word Doc. or a page of notebook paper.

1. ¿A qué hora es la clase de español? ____________________________________

2. ¿A qué hora almuerzas (have lunch)? ____________________________________

3. ¿A qué hora estudias (you study)? ______________________________________

4. ¿A qué hora llegas a casa (arrive home)? _______________________________

Úsalo

A. Work with a classmate and express the time in full sentences.

1. 6:48 A.M.

2. 1:17 P.M.

3. 9:33 A.M.

4. 5:15 P.M.

B. Ask a classmate at what time the following events take place.

1. La fiesta (8:00 P.M.)

2. La clase de español (3:05 P.M.)

3. La siesta (12:00 P.M.)

Topic 6 The Body Parts

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Topic 7 The Family and Possessive Adjectives

mi padre / mi madre / mis padres
tu padre / tu madre / tus padres

su madre / su padre

nuestro padre / nuestra madre / nuestros padres

sus padres / sus madres

Los adjectivos posesivos
Possesive adjectives

my

mi(s)

your

tu(s) (informal)

your

su (formal)

his, her

su

its

su

our

nuestro/a(s)

their

sus

Vocabulario Vocabulary

el abuelo/ la abuela / los abuelos grandfather / grandmother / grandparents

el padre/ la madre / los padres father / mother / parents

el hermano/ la hermana / los hermanos brother / sister / siblings

el tío/ la tía / los tíos uncle(s) /aunt(s)

el primo/ la prima / los primos cousin(s)

el esposo/ la esposa / los esposos husband / wife / spouses

el hijo/ la hija / los hijos son / daughter / children

el sobrino/ la sobrina / los sobrinos nephew(s) / niece(s)

casado/a(s) married

divorciado/a(s) divorced

Practícalo…

I. Use the model of my family tree below to design your own tree.

Mi padre se llama Bienvenido. Los padres de mi padre se llaman Ernesto y Monse.

Ellos son mis abuelos, son de Puerto Rico. Son puertorriqueños.

Mi madre se llama Emilia. Los padres de mi madre se llaman Jesús y Leonor.

Tengo una hermana. Mi hermana se llama Gisela.

Mi abuela Leonor tiene dos (2) nietas, Ana y Gisela.

Mi madre tiene un (1) hermano. Él es mi tío y se llama Efraín.

Mi padre tiene una (1) hermana. Ella es mi tía y se llama Ernestina.

Mis abuelos, Ernesto y Monse tienen dos (2) hijos, Ernestina y Bienvenido.

Mis abuelos, Jesús y Leonor tienen dos hijos, Emilia y Efraín.

Nuestra familia es pequeña. Nuestra familia es puertorriqueña.

Escríbelo…

II.

Fill in the blanks in a Word Doc. or a page of notebook paper.

¿Cómo se llama tu padre?

Mi padre se llama ________________.

¿Cuántos años tiene tu padre?

Mi padre tiene _____________ años.

¿Cómo se llama tu madre?

Mi madre se llama ________________.

¿Cuántos años tiene tu padre?

Mi madre tiene _____________ años.

¿Cómo se llaman los padres de tu madre?

Mis abuelos se llaman ______________.

¿Cómo se llaman los padres de tu padre?

Mis abuelos se llaman ______________.

¿Tienes hermanos siblings?

Tengo ________ hermanos/as.

¿Cómo se llaman tus hermanos?

Mi hermano se llama_____________.

¿Cómo es tu familia?

Mi familia (no) es ___________.

Úsalo…

III. With a classmate, take turns and ask each other the questions above from exercise.

Chapter 2 Articles, Nouns, Adjectives, and Nationality Adjectives

Chapter 2 Learning Objectives

Communication (what students will be able to do):

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

- Identify and properly apply the gender and number rules of:

- Nouns in the singular/plural and masculine/feminine forms

- Articles in the singular/plural and masculine/feminine forms

- Adjectives and nationality adjectives in the singular/plural and masculine/feminine forms

- Increase Spanish vocabulary about the classroom and university related words.

Culture (what students will know about the Spanish-speaking world):

- Identify demographic and cultural information about

- Guatemala https://youtu.be/L73ecXcV0fc

- El Salvador https://youtu.be/yZmSuQSyTlU

- Honduras https://youtu.be/xApFQ9g19T8

- Nicaragua https://youtu.be/2W8nvFuzhzQ

- Costa Rica https://youtu.be/YHcba6goDGI

- Panamá https://youtu.be/7B8YUU1Kma8

Topic 1 Gender and Number of Definite and Indefinite Articles

Género y número de los artículos

The English language has two kinds of articles.

The Spanish book.

A book. An apple.

Definite Article.

Indefinite Article (any).

The Spanish language has the two articles as well, but they are characterized:

- by gender and number

- both articles, definite or indefinite, must agree with the noun.

El libro verde.

El is the definite article, libro is the noun, verde is very specific.
Notice that all three are masculine/singular.

Un libro.

Un is the indefinite article, libro is the noun.
Notice that both are masculine/singular.

Los libros verdes.

Los is the definite article, libros is the noun, verdes is very specific.
Notice that all three are masculine/plural.

Gender

Gender

Singular

Plural

DEFINITE

el/la (the)

los/las

INDEFINITE

un/una (a,an)

unos, unas

Topic 2 Gender and Number of the Nouns

Género y número de los sustantivos (nombres)

A noun is a person, place, or thing.

In Spanish, nouns are characterized by gender and number;

in the case of gender, nouns, are NOT perceived by Spanish speakers as having male or female attributes;

it is just a grammatical feature,

masculine or feminine,

singular or plural.

Los sustantivos singulares Singular Nouns

Masculino Masculine

- MOST nouns that end in -o are masculine

el curso course

el laboratorio laboratory

el estadio stadium

el horario schedule

el amigo friend

el maestro teacher

el baño bathroom

el libro book

el teléfono telephone

el teatro theater

el gimnasio gym

el escritorio desk

- Exceptions of SOME nouns that do not follow this common rule: many nouns that do not end in -o but are masculine

el arte art

el semestre semester

el trimestre trimester

el español Spanish

el reloj clock

el papel paper

el lápiz pencil

el examen test/exam

el café coffee

el autobús bus

el hospital hospital

el hombre man

- Some nouns that end in -a or -ma that are masculine

el día day

el idioma language

el mapa map

el planeta planet

el drama drama

el poema poem

el problema problem

el sistema system

el programa program

Femenino Feminine

- MOST nouns that end in -a are feminine

la biblioteca library

la cafetería cafeteria

la librearía bookstore

la prueba quiz

la tarea homework

la geografía geography

la biología biology

la música music

la física physics

la pluma pen

la silla chair

la mesa table

- Exceptions of SOME nouns that do not follow this common rule: many nouns that do not end in -a but are feminine

la clase class

la mujer woman

la luz light

la noche night

la mano hand

la suerte luck

la radio radio

la piel skin

- Some nouns that end in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tud or -tad that are feminine

la lección lesson

la conversación conversation

la universidad university

la verdad truth

la actitud attitude

la amistad friendship

la clase

las clases

una clase

unas clases

la lección

las lecciónes

una lección

unas lecciónes

el problema

los problemas

un problema

unos problemas

la luz

las luces

una luz

unas luces

la noche

las noches

una noche

unas noches

el hospital

los hospitales

un hospital

unos hospitales

To make a noun plural add-s if it ends in a vowel
libros-es add -es if it ends in a consonant
If it ends in -z eliminate the -z and add -ces
lápiz = lapicesRemember
The article must agree with the noun in number as well

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Escríbelo…

Write your answers in a Word Doc. or on a page of notebook paper.

I. Write 8 masculine nouns that end in -o.

II. Write 8 feminine nouns that end in -a.

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Úsalo…

Write your answers in a Word Doc. or on a page of notebook paper.

I. List 6 things you commonly see in a classroom

II. List 6 things you commonly have in your mochila (backpack)

Topic 3 Gender and Number of Adjectives

Género y número de los adjetivos

An adjective describes a noun.
A Spanish adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies, and
ALMOST always follow the noun it describes.

Los colores Colors

negro/a

blanco/a

rojo/a

rosado/a

morado/a

amarillo/a

anaranjado/a

gender neutrals

azul

verde

marrón

gris

El libro negro
Checklist

1. Sentence order: article adjective noun

2. Gender: masculine

3. Number: singular

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- Adjectives that do not end in -o have the same form for describing both, masculine and feminine nouns.

El taco excelente

La comida excelente

El poema interesante

La clase interesante

El carro gris

La mochila gris

El libro verde

La mesa verde

- Gender specific adjectives to describe things, yourself and others.

barato/a inexpensive

pequeño/a small

feo/a ugly

rico/a rich

caro/a expensive

fantástico/a fantastic

viejo/a old

gordo/a fat

estupendo/a terrific

sincero/a sincere

simpático/a nice

tacaño/a stingy

delgado/a thin

guapo/a handsome/beautiful

hermoso/a beautiful

La casa maravillosa

El libro maravilloso

La chica estupenda

El chico estupendo

La mochila amarilla es hermosa

El carro rojo es hermoso

- Other adjectives

agradable pleasant

alegre happy

triste sad

debil weak

fuerte strong

frágil fragile

grande big

horrible horrible

joven young

pobre poor

difícil difficult

inteligente intelligent

La chica agradable

El chico agradable

La mujer joven

El hombre joven

Escríbelo…

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Los adjetivos y el verbo Ser Adjectives and the verb SER

Ser (to be)

Yo

soy

Tú

eres

Usted, él, ella

es

Nosotros

somos

Ustedes, ellos(as)

son

- The verb ser (to be), in Spanish is used with adjectives that describe basic, characteristics or inherent qualities of the noun they modify.

Soy alta. I am tall.

Eres inteligente. You are smart.

El perro es grande. The dog is big.

Escríbelo…

I. To describe yourself, choose five adjectives from below and form five sentences. Don’t forget gender.

1. alto

2. rico

3. simpático

4. inteligente

5. listo

6. feo

7. sincero

8. estudioso

9. joven

10. viejo

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Topic 4 Nationality Adjectives

Adjetivos de nacionalidad

- Most adjectives of nationality in Spanish are gender specific

Norte América

norteamericano/a

canadiense

estadounidense

mexicano/a

Europa

europeo/a

español/a

El Caribe

caribeño/a

puertorriqueño/a

cubano/a

dominicano/a

África

africano/a

ecuatoguineano/a

Centro América

centroamericano/a

guatemalteco/a

hondureño/a

salvadoreño/a

nicaragüense

costarricense

panameño/a

Sur América

suramericano/a

venezolano/a

colombiano/a

peruano/a

ecuatoriano/a

boliviano/a

chileno/a

argentino/a

urugüayo/a

paragüayo/a

Otros…

italiano/a irlandés/a francés/a inglés/a ruso/a alemán/a polaco/a chino/a coreano/a indio/a japonés/a vietnamita

iraquí iraní palestino/a

- The verb Ser is used to describe where you and others are from.

Soy puertorriqueña.

Eres cubano.

Usted es peruana. El es mexicano. Ella es dominicana.

Somos norteamericanos.

Ustedes son bolivianos. Ellos son colombianos. Ellas son dominicanas.

Practícalo…

Mi familia es norteamericana.

Soy estadounidense.

La profesora es caribeña.

Los estudiantes son hondureños.

Somos polacos.

Mis abuelos son irlandeses.

Mi amiga es norteamericana.

Eres dominicana.

Escríbelo…

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Chapter 3 Subject Pronouns, Ser, Estar, Interrogative Words & Gustar

Chapter 3 Learning Objectives

Communication (what students will be able to do):

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

- Describe and write about yourself and others by applying and correctly using the rules of:

- The verb Ser

- The verb Estar

- The verb Gustar

- Increase Spanish vocabulary about personal characteristics, professions and related words.

- Communicate by asking and answering basic questions.

Culture (what students will know about the Spanish-speaking world):

- Identify demographic and cultural information about

- Venezuela

- Colombia

- Ecuador

- Perú

Topic 1 Subject Pronouns

Pronombres del sujeto

1st Person Singular I

1ra Persona Singular yo

2nd Person Singular you

2da Persona Singular tú

3rd Person Singular he, she, it

3ra Persona Singular *usted, él, ella

1st Person Plural we

1ra Persona Plural nosotros/as

3rd Person Plural they

3ra Persona Plural *ustedes, ellos/as

- There is NOT a subject pronoun for IT

- Usted and ustedes are commonly abbreviated in writing, ud and uds. They are NOT interchangeable.

- Tú is the familiar form used when addressing friends, relatives, children, animals or anyone with whom you are on a first-name basis.

- Usted is the formal form used to address people for the first time, in business situations, and with someone you might not know well.

- The verbs system in Spanish indicates person, number, and tense, therefore pronouns are usually omitted.

- When used,pronouns are used to:

- show emphasis = Yo tengo el libro. I have the book.

- clarify ambiguity on the third person forms = Ella tiene el libro. Ellos tienen el libro. She has the book. They have the book.

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Escríbelo…

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Topic 2 Ser (to be) and Estar (to be)

Los verbos Ser y Estar

Ser

yo

soy

tú

eres

Ud, él, ella

es

nosotros

somos

Uds, ellos/as

son

Estar

yo

estoy

tú

estás

Ud, él, ella

está

nosotros

estamos

Uds, ellos/as

están

Ser and Estar means to be.

Ser and Estar in Spanish are used to express different concepts.

Carmen is smart.
(description)

Carmen es inteligente.

Carmen is here.
(location)

Carmen está aquí.

Ser is used to express the following concepts:

- Description inherent qualities that define a person or thing

- Name, physical, personality or characteristic descriptions,

- El nombre de mi perro es Nene. The name of my dog is Nene.

- Nene es pequeño. Nene is small.

- Nene es inteligente y viejo. Nene is smart and old.

- Occupation, religion, and relationship to other people

- Juan es doctor. Juan is a doctor.

- Ellos son católicos. They are Catholics.

- Serena es mi amiga. Serena is my friend.

- Origin the place a person is from

- Soy de Panamá. I am from Panamá.

- Material something is made from

- La mesa es de metal. The table is made of metal.

- Time and dates

- Son las 2:10 de la tarde. It is 2:10 in the afternoon.

- Es viernes 21 de noviembre. It is Friday the 21st of November.

- Ownership

- El libro es de la maestra. The book belongs to the teacher.

Practícalo…

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Estar is used to express location, changing moods or condition, health and personal opinion

- Location describes where someone or something is physically located

- El libro está en la mesa. The book is on the table.

- Changing moods and health

- Estoy triste. I am sad.

- Estoy enferma. I am sick.

- Personal opinion

- La clase está aburrida. The class is boring.

Practícalo…

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Escríbelo…

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Úsalo…

Answer the following questions using your personal information and the appropriate form of ser and estar.

1. ¿Cómo estás?

2. ¿Cómo eres?

3. ¿Eres estudiante o profesor?

4. ¿Dónde están los libros

Topic 3 Interrogative Words

Palabras Interrogativas

All interrogative words have a written accent and an inverted question mark at the beginning of the question as well.

¿Cómo? How?

¿Dónde? Where?

¿De dónde? From where…?

¿Adónde…? To where?

¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who?

¿Qué? What?

¿Cuál? Which, which one?

¿Cuáles? Which ones?

¿Pór qué? Why?

¿Cuánto? How much?

¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas? How many?

¿Cuándo?

You have been introduced to some of the interrogative words in past chapters. Can you identify which ones?

Practícalo…

¿Cómo? How?

¿Cómo estás tú?

How are you?

¿Dónde? Where?

¿Dónde está el baño?

Where is the bathroom?

¿De dónde? From where?

¿De dónde es la maestra?

From where is the teacher?

¿Adónde? (To) Where?

¿Adónde vas?

Where are you going?

¿Quién? Who? (singular)

¿Quién está en la cafetería?

Who is in the cafeteria?

¿Quiénes? Who?(plural)

¿Quiénes están en la cafetería?

Who is in the cafeteria?

¿Qué? What?

¿Qué día es hoy?

What day is today?

¿Cuál? Which, which one?

¿Cuál es tu clase favorita?

What is your favorite class?

¿Cuáles? Which ones?

¿Cuáles son los meses del año?

What are the months of the year?

¿Pór qué? Why?

¿Pór qué estudiamos español?

Why do we study Spanish?

¿Cuánto? How much?

¿Cuánto cuesta el libro?

How much is the book?

¿Cuántos/as? How many?

¿Cuántos estudiantes hay?
¿Cuántas mesas hay?

How many students are there?
How many tables are there?

Escríbelo…

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Usalo…

Answer the following questions in Spanish. Follow the examples and change the information to fit your answers.

1. ¿Qué estudias en la universidad? Biología.

2. ¿Qué necesitas en tu clase de Biología? Un microscopio.

3. ¿Con quién vives? Con mis padres.

4. ¿A qué hora llegas a casa? A las nueve de la noche.

Topic 4 Gustar

El verbo Gustar

The verb gustar means to be pleasing to in English. In Spanish, it means to like.

- The verb gustar ALWAYS uses a pronoun.

- Gustar is an affirmative statement.

- To express “dislike” or “no me gusta” place the “no” before the pronoun.

Singular

I like the Biology class.
Me gusta la clase de Biología.

Plural

I like science classes.
Me gustan las clases de ciencia.

Singular

I don’t like the Biology class.
No me gusta la clase de Biología.

Plural

I don’t like science classes.
No me gustan las clases de ciencia.

Gustar

and

Indirect Object Pronouns

Yo

Me

Tú

Te

Ud./él/ella

Le

Nosotros/as

Nos

Uds./ellos/as

Les

gusta (singular)

gustan (plural)

In these constructions, the entity that possesses the quantity is the grammatical subject (LA CLASE DE BIOLOGÍA) must agree with the verb (GUSTA) and then an indirect object (ME) signals to whom the entity is pleasing.

So if we have a plural entity LAS CLASES DE CIENCIA as the subject, the verb needs to agree. GUSTAN and ME still conveys to whom the science classes are pleasing:

Me gustan las clases de ciencias. (Literal translation: Science classes are pleasing to me.)

I like science classes.

Pratícalo…

Read outloud to practice “me gusta” (I like) or “no me gusta” (I don’t like).

1. Me gusta la clase de español. No me gusta la clase de español.

2. Te gusta el libro de biología. No te gusta el libro de biología.

3. ¿(Ud./él/ella) Le gusta la computadora? ¿No le gustan las computadoras?

4. Nos gusta el chocolate. No nos gusta el chocolate.

5. Les gusta el perro. No nos gusta el perro.

Escríbelo…

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A verb as the subject

- When the verb gustar is used with another verb, the verb form is used in the *infinitive form.

Me gusta *hablar. I like *to talk.

Me gusta *caminar. I like *to walk.

Me gusta *nadar. I like *to swim.

When to use the “A” phrase

- To emphasize the indirect object pronoun itself.
A mí me gusta bailar.

- To clarify the meaning of le/les.
A él le gustan las quesadillas.
A ellos les gusta estudiar.

- To place names and nouns
A Sofia le gusta leer.
A la chica le gusta la pizza.

- To answer or make a question
¿A quién le gusta estudiar?
A mi no me gusta estudiar

- ALWAYS place “NO” between “A mí, tí, etc.”
and the Indirect Object Pronoun.
A mi no me gusta correr.

Gustar

and

“A” + Indirect Object Pronouns

A mí

me

A tí

te

A (Ud./él/ella)

le

A nosotros/as

nos

A(Uds./ellos/as)

les

Verbs like gustar

encantar to be enchanting, to like very much

fascinar to fascinate, to be fascinating (to)

interesar to be interesting (to)

molestar to bother; to annoy

preocupar to worry

importar to be important (to), to matter

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Chapter 4 Spanish Verbs

Chapter 4 Learning Objectives

Communication (what students will be able to):

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

- Identify, conjugate and apply the rules of the 4 different kinds of verbs in the present tense.

- The regular verbs

- The irregular verbs

- The stem-changing verbs

- The reflexive verbs

Culture (what students will know about the Spanish-speaking world):

- Identify demographic and cultural information about Bolivia, Chile y Argentina.

Topic 1 Present Tense of Regular Verbs

Los verbos regulares y el presente

Present Tense of Regular Verbs

-ar

-er

-ir

yo

o

o

o

tú

as

es

es

Ud./él/ella

a

e

e

nosotros

amos

emos

imos

Uds./ellos/as

an

en

en

The anatomy of a Spanish verb.

The verb in its infinitive form indicates the action or state of being, with no reference to who or what performs the action or when it is done (present, past or future tense).

- The verb has two parts

- The stem

- The ending

Stem

HABL

Ending

AR

HABLAR

To Speak

- Infinitives in English are indicated by to: to speak, to eat, to live. In Spanish, all verbs in the infinitive have three endings:

- -ar          Hablar to speak

- -er          Comer to eat

- -ir           Vivir to live

- To conjugate a verb means to give the various forms of the verb the corresponding subject:

- I speak, you speak, he/she speaks, etc.
Yo hablo, tú hablas, él/ella habla, etc.

- I eat, you eat, he/she eats, etc.
Yo como, tú comes, él/ella come, etc.

- I live, you live, he/she lives, etc.
Yo vivo, tú vives, él/ella vive, etc.

- There are three classifications of verbs.

- Regular
when conjugated into a person or tense, the stem is not impacted

- Irregular
when conjugated, first person singular has a “g” or a “y”

- Stem-Changing
when conjugated, there are changes IN the stem

- The conjugated verbs in Spanish indicate person and tense, therefore, a personal pronoun is not needed unless you need to clarify the subject: él, ella, ellos/as.

Common regular -ar verbs in the present tense

necesitar
to need

ahorrar
to save

alquilar
to rent

apagar
to turn off

arreglar
to arrange

ayudar
to help

bailar
to dance

practicar
to practice

borrar
to erase

buscar
to look for

llegar
to arrive

caminar
to walk

descansar
to rest

celebrar
to celebrate

mirar
to look

estudiar
to study

comprar
to buy

contestar
to answer

desear
to want

disfrutar
to enjoy

escuchar
to listen

llorar
to cry

trabajar
to work

repasar
to review

Common regular -er verbs in the present tense

aprender
to learn

beber
to drink

comer
to eat

comprender
to understand

correr
to run

prender
to turn on

romper
to break

toser
to cough

vender
to sell

leer
to read

Common regular -ir verbs in the present tense

abrir
to open

añadir
to add

asistir
to attend

describir
to describe

discutir
to discuss

escribir
to write

interrumpir
to interrupt

Practícalo…

Read outloud the following phrases and identify the endings

Hablo español en la clase.

Como vegetales todos los días.

Vivo en Pensilvania

Ayudas a tu amiga.

Comprendes el vocabulario.

Asistes a la clase.

Baila muy bien.

Bebe café caliente.

Escribe poemas.

Compramos un carro rojo.

Aprendemos a leer.

Abrimos el libro.

Trabajan en la oficina.

Leen la revista.

Discuten la lección.

Topic 2 Present Tense Irregular Verbs

Los verbos irregulares

Present Tense Endings

-ar

-er

-ir

*YO

o

o

o

tú

as

es

es

Ud./él/ella

a

e

e

nosotros

amos

emos

imos

Uds./ellos/as

an

en

en

Irregular Verbs in the Present Tense

An irregular verb, while in its infinitive form, might look like a regular verb, when conjugated into a person or tense, the presence of a “g” or a “y” when conjugated, but only in the first person singular.

Estar (to be)

Yo

estoy

bien.

Tú

estás

bien.

Ud./él/ella

está

bien.

Nosotros

estamos

bien.

Uds./ellos/as

están

bien.

Salir (to go out)

Yo

salgo

temprano de la clase.

Tú

sales

temprano de la clase.

Ud./él/ella

sale

temprano de la clase.

Nosotros

salimos

temprano de la clase.

Uds./ellos/as

salen

temprano de la clase.

- Other common irregular verbs with a “g” in the yo form:

- hacer (to do, make)     yo hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen

- poner (to put)               yo pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponen

- traer (to bring)            yo traigo, traes, trae, traemos, trae

- Ser (to be) and Ir (to go) are irregular verbs not only on the yo form, but on all other forms as well;

Ser (to be)

Ir (to go)

Yo

soy

voy

Tú

eres

vas

Ud./él/ella

es

va

Nosotros

somos

vamos

Uds./ellos/as

son

van

- Most verbs that end in a vowel + -cer, c changes to zc, in the yo form.

- agradecer (to thank)     yo agradezco, agradeces, agradece, agradecemos, agradecen

- conocer (to know)          yo conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen

- crecer (to grow)              yo crezco, creces, crece, crecemos, crecen

- obedecer (to obey)         yo obedezco, obedeces, obedece, obedecemos, obedecen

- ofrecer (to offer)            yo ofrezco, ofreces, ofrece, ofrecemos, ofrecen

- paracer (to seem)         yo parezco, pareces, parece, parecemos, parecen

- Verbs that end in -ucir have the -zco in the yo form ending as well.

- conducir (to drive)        yo conduzco, conduces, conduce, conducimos, conducen

- producir (to produce)  yo produzco, produces, produce, producimos, producen

- reducir (to reduce)       yo reduzco, reduces, reduce, reducimos, reducen

- traducir (to translate) yo traduzco, traduces, traduce, traducimos, traducen

Topic 3 Present Tense of Stem-Changing Verbs

Los verbos con cambios en la raiz

The anatomy of a Spanish verb.

The verb in its infinitive form indicates the action or state of being with no reference to who or what performs the action or when it is done (past, present or future tense).

- The verb two parts

- The stem

- The ending

Stem

PENS

Ending

AR

PENSAR

To think

- Change in

- The stem form -e to -ie, except for nosotros.

- The ending of an -ar ending in the present tense remains the same.

PENSAR

To think

Stem

PIENS

Ending

o

as

a

*pensamos

an

Practícalo…

Practice outloud similar stem changing from -e to -ie verbs that ends in -ar.

Cerrar (to close)

Empezar (to begin)

(yo)

Cierro el libro

Empiezo la clase

(tú)

Cierras el libro

Empiezas la clase

(Ud./él/ella)

Cierra el libro

Empieza la clase

(nosotros)

Cerramos el libro

Empezamos la clase

(Uds./ellos/as)

Cierran el libro

Empiezan la clase

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Some common stem-changing verbs

- -AR endings with stem-changing from o to ue, except for NOSOTROS form are:

- almorzar (to lunch)

- recordar (to remember)

- encontrar (to find)

- -ER endings with stem-changing from e to ie, except for NOSOTROS form are:

- querer (to want)

- tener (to have) *tengo in the yo form

- entender (to understand)

- -ER endings with stem-changing from o to ue, except for NOSOTROS form are:

- poder (to be able)

- volver (to return)

- -IR endings with stem-changing from e to i, except for NOSOTROS form are:

- servir (to serve)

- repetir (to repeat)

- pedir (to ask for, to request)

- seguir (to follow, to continue)

- -IR endings with stem-changing from e to ie, except for NOSOTROS form are:

- preferir (to prefer)

- mentir (to lie)

- -IR endings with stem-changing from o to ue, except for NOSOTROS form are:

- dormir (to sleep)

- morir (to die)

Topic 4 Reflexive Verbs

Los verbos reflexivos

Reflexive Pronouns

Yo

me

Tú

te

Ud./él/ella

se

Nosotros

nos

Uds./ellos/as

se

Reflexive pronouns and verbs

- In the Spanish language there is a kind of verbs called the reflexive verbs

- These verbs have an object pronoun called the reflexive pronoun that indicates the same person as the subject

- Reflexive verbs are characterized by having the reflexive pronoun “se” attached to the end of a verb in the infinitive such as:

1. acostarse (to go to bed)          acostarSE          stem-changing verb/-ar ending

2. dormirse (to fall to sleep)      dormirSE          stem-changing verb/-ir ending

3. despertarse (to awake)          despertarSE      stem-changing verb/-ar ending

4. levantarse (to get up from)   levantarSE        regular verb/-ar ending

- The reflexive pronoun se must agree with the subject of the verb.

- The reflexive pronoun precedes the conjugated verb in the simple tense.

Checklist for acostarse

verb ending     ⇒     -ar (o, as, a, amos, an)
kind of verb     ⇒     stem-changing from o to ue
person              ⇒     yo, tú, Ud./él/ella, nosotros, Uds./ellos/as

1. Me acuesto, te acuestas, se acuesta, nos acostamos, se acuestan temprano (early).

Checklist for dormirse:

verb ending     ⇒     -ir (o, es, e, imos, en)
kind of verb     ⇒     stem-changing from o to ue
person              ⇒     yo, tú, Ud./él/ella, nosotros, Uds./ellos/as

2. Me duermo, te duermes, se duerme, nos dormimos, se duesmen tarde (late)

Checklist for despertarse:

verb ending     ⇒     -ar (o, as, a, amos, an)
kind of verb     ⇒     stem-changing from e to ie
person              ⇒     yo, tú, Ud./él/ella, nosotros, Uds./ellos/as

3. Me despierto, te despiertas, se despierta, nos despertamos, se despiertan temprano (early).

Checklist for levantarse

verb ending     ⇒     -ar (o, as, a, amos, an)
kind of verb     ⇒     regular
person              ⇒     yo, tú, Ud./él/ella, nosotros, Uds./ellos/as

4. Me levanto, te levantas, se levanta, nos levantamos, se levantan temprano (early).

- Most reflexive verbs can be used as non-reflexive.

- Yo despierto a mi hermano por las mañanas. I wake up my brother in the mornings.

- Yo me despierto temprano. I wake up early.

- The se of the infinitive must agree with the subject of the verb when using two verbs. For example, dormirse.

- Me quiero dormir/Quiero dormirme. I want to fall to sleep.

- Remember that in Spanish the reflexive pronoun reflects the subject doing something to or for himself, herself, or itself.

- Many English verbs that describe one’s daily routine are expressed in Spanish with a reflexive construction.

Practícalo…

Using the following questions and verbs, form complete sentences using reflexive verbs to tell your best friend what you do every day.

¿Cuál es tu rutina diaria? What is your daily routine?

¿Qué haces todas las mañanas? What do you do every morning?

¿Qué haces todas las noches? What do you do every night?

acostarse
to go to bed

afeitarse
to shave

bañarse
to take a bath

cepillarse los dientes
to brush one’s teeth

despertarse
to wake up

dormirse
to fall asleep

ducharse
to take a shower

levantarse
to get up, to stand up

secarse
to dry yourself

ponerse
to put on

vestirse
to get dressed

peinarse
to brush one’s hair

Chapter 5 The Future of Ir, the Verb Tener, and Idiomatic Expressions

Chapter 5 Learning Objectives

Communication (what students will be able to do):

By the end of this chapter you will be able to:

- Identify, conjugate and apply the rules of:

- The verb Ir

- The present tense of the verb Tener and idiomatic expressions

- The present progressive verbs

- Communicate by making plans for the near future

Culture (what students will know about the Spanish-speaking world):

By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

- Identify demographic and cultural information about Urugüay, Paragüay and Guinea Ecuatorial.

Topic 1 The Verb "Ir"

El verbo Ir

Future Actions, Where are you going?

- Ir is an irregular verb used in Spanish to express to go.

- Voy a la clase. I am going to class.

- The first person plural, nosotros, is also used to express let’s go.

- Vamos a la clase de español. Let’s go to Spanish class.

- The verb ir is followed by the preposition a to indicate where someone is going (to).

- Rosa va a la biblioteca.

- When a is followed by el (masculine definite article), it contracts to al; a + el = al.

- Jorge va algimnasio. (elgimnasio)

- Nosotros vamos al hospital. (el hospital)

Ir + a+ place

voy
vas

va

vamos

van

a la biblioteca

Future Actions, What are you going to do?

- To describe actions in the near future, Spanish uses ir + a + infinitive.

Ir + a + infinitive

voy

vas

va

vamos

van

a estudiar

Practícalo…

Read outloud the following sentences

Voy a la clase de matemáticas.

No voy a estudiar para el examen de biología.

Vas al gimnasio todos los días.

No vas a caminar los sábados.

El va a la cafeteria.

No va a la librería, va a la biblioteca.

Vamos a tomar café.

No vamos a almorzar.

Van a la casa a descansar.

No van a dormir.

Escríbelo…

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Topic 2 The Verb Tener

El verbo tener

Tener to have

- The verb tener has an irregular conjugation on the first person singular, yo, and the stem changes from “e” to “ie” in all forms except for the first person plural nosotros.

- As in English, tener is used to indicate possession.

- Tengo un bolígrafo rojo. I have a red pen.

- Tener que + infinitive is used to express obligation (to have to).

- Tengo que leer el libro de Gabriel García Marquéz.

- Tienes que limpiar tu cuarto.

Tener

yo

tengo

tú

tienes

Ud./él/ella

tiene

nosotros

tenemos

Uds./ellos/as

tienen

Practícalo…

Read the following sentences outloud .

¿Qué tienes que hacer mañana?

1. Mañana (no) tengo que escribir una composición.

2. Mañana (no) tengo que estudiar.

3. Mañana (no) tengo que practicar el tenis.

4. Mañana (no) tengo que levantarme temprano.

Other expressions with tener

- There are other expressions that use tener, but in English use the verb to be.

- ¿Tienes hambre? Are you hungry? (literally, do you have hunger?)
No tengo hambre. I am not hungry.

- ¿Cuantos años tienes? How old are you?
Tengo 20 años. I am20 years old.

- Many of these expressions refer to things we might feel (hunger, thirst, cold, etc.)

tener frío to be cold

tener calor to be hot

tener hambre to be hungry

tener sed to be thirsty

tener prisa to be in a hurry

tener cuidado to be careful

tener miedo to be afraid

tener sueño to be sleepy

tener razón to be right

Escríbelo…

Answer the following questions in various situations using complete sentences in Spanish.

1. ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?

2. ¿Cuántos años tiene tu mamá?

3. ¿Tienes sueño en la mañana?

4. ¿Tienes miedo de los insectos?

5. ¿Tienes frío en julio?

6. ¿No tienes calor en agosto?

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Topic 3 The Present Progressive

El presente progresivo

Estar + -ando/-iendo

estoy
estás

está

estamos

están

hablando
comiendo

escribiendo

The present progressive

- In Spanish the present progressive is used to indicate that an action is happening right now.

- Julia está comiendo ahora mismo. Julia is eating right now.

- The present progressive is formed with the verb estar plus the present participle (el gerundio), -ando for verbs that end in -ar, and -iendo for verbs that end in -er or -ir.

(hablar)

Estoy hablando por teléfono.

I am talking on the phone.

(comer)

Estoy comiendo pizza.

I am eating pizza.

(escribir)

Estoy escribiendo una carta.

I am writing a letter.

- The ending of the present participle never changes; it always ends in -o.

- In English, a present participle is a verb that ends in -ing.

- Verbs like leer and oir are conjugated with a “y” as follows

leer

le + iendo ⇒ leyendo

oir

o + iendo ⇒ oyendo

- Present participle of -ir stem-changing verbs.

preferir

prefiero

prefiriendo

pedir

pido

pidiendo

dormir

duermo

durmiendo

servir

sirvo

sirviendo

vestirse

*me visto

vistiendo

- Position of reflexive pronouns when using the present progressive is as follows:

- Before the conjugated form of estar.

- Meestoy vistiendo. I am getting dressed.

- Attached to the end of the present participle.

- Estoy vistiendome.

Pratícalo…

An interactive or media element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here:
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An interactive or media element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here:
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Credits

Development Team

Author

Ana I. Serrano Martínez

OER Coordinator

Julie Lang

OER Content Production

Rebecca Jonas

Reviewers

Ivonne Emilie Byrnes, Gisela Lebrón and Alba L. Serrano

Attributions

Grammar Explanations

The grammar explanations on this book site were based on many years of  listening to our students’ needs for relevant and practical content and teaching.

License

Spanish 001 Elementary Spanish I is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

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Appendix 1

Glossary of Grammar Terms

Adjective          A word that describes a noun or pronoun.

La chica es inteligente. The young lady is smart.

Article   A determiner that sets off a noun.

el libro   thebook

Definite article    An article that indicates a specific noun.

el bolígrafo            the pen

Indefinite article   An article that indicates an unspecified noun.

un carro                 a car

Infinitive     The form of a verb that has not been conjugated into a tense, person or mood.

Jaime va a comprar una manzana.

Jaime is going to buy an apple.

Noun        A word that denotes a person, place, thing, or idea.

maestro, universidad, mesa, Juan

teacher, university, table, Juan

Number

Cardinal number   A number that indicates an amount.

dos libros, cuatro estudiantes

two books, four students

Ordinal number   A number that indicates position in a series.

la primera estudiante, la tercera silla

the first student, the third chair

Person      The form of a pronoun or verb that indicates the person involved in an action.

1st person singular I yo

2nd person singular you tú

3rd person singular he, she, it, usted/él/ella

1st person plural we nosotros

3rd person plural they ustedes/ellos/as

Preposition   A word or phrase that specifies the relationship of one word (usually a noun or pronoun) to another.

cerca de la cafetería near the cafetería

antes de la clase before class

Present Participle    The verb form that ends in -ing in English and with the verb estar in Spanish to form the progressive.

hablando talking

comiendo eating

escribiendo writing

Progressive         The verb that expresses continuing or developing action.

Carmen está caminando. Carmen is walking.

Juan y Julio están estudiando. Juan and Julio are studying.

Nosotros estamos durmiendo. We are sleeping.

Pronouns         A word that refers to a person (I, you, we, etc.) or that is used in place of one or more nouns.

Interrogative    A pronoun used to ask a question.

¿Quién es el maestro? Whois the teacher?

Reflexive        A pronoun that represents the same person as the subject of the verb.

Me miro en el espejo. I look at myself in the mirror.

Tense       The form of a verb indicating time: present, past or future.

Gisela era, es y siempre será mi hermana.

Gisela was, is, and always will be my sister.

Verb       A word that reports an action or state.

Juan escucha música. Juan listens to music.

Reflexive verb    A verb whose subject and object are the same.

Alba se peina.Alba brushes her hair (herself).