Groundwater
Introduction
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to:
- Explain the concepts of porosity and permeability and the importance of these to groundwater storage and movement
- Describe the relative porosities and permeabilities of some common geological materials
- Define aquifers, aquitards, confining layers, and the differences between confined and unconfined aquifers
- Explain the concepts of hydraulic head, the water table, potentiometric surface, and hydraulic gradient, and apply the Darcy equation for estimating groundwater flow
- Describe the flow of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas
- Describe the nature of groundwater flow in karst systems
- Explain how wells are used to extract groundwater and the implications of over-pumping a well
- Describe how observation wells are used to monitor groundwater levels and the importance of protecting groundwater resources
- Distinguish between natural and anthropogenic contamination of groundwater
- Describe some of the ways that groundwater can become contaminated, and how contamination can be minimized
![Figure 14.1 A spring flowing from a limestone cave on Quadra Island, B.C. [SE]](http://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2015/08/limestone-cave-on-Quadra-Island.jpg)
Fresh water makes up only 3% of the water on Earth. Approximately two-thirds of that is glacial ice and most of the rest is groundwater. We can’t live without water, and it’s easy to see that groundwater represents a critically important component of our water supply. Groundwater is not as easily accessed as surface water, but it is also not as easily contaminated as surface water. If more than 7 billion of us want to continue living comfortably here on Earth, we have to take great care of our groundwater and learn how to use it sustainably.
