Appendix G – Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances

Appendix G

Standard Thermodynamic Properties For Aluminum

 

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Al(s)

0

0

28.3

Al(g)

324.4

285.7

164.54

Al3+(aq)

–531

–485

–321.7

Al2O3(s)

–1676

–1582

50.92

AlF3(s)

–1510.4

–1425

66.5

AlCl3(s)

–704.2

–628.8

110.67

AlCl3·6H2O(s)

–2691.57

–2269.40

376.56

Al2S3(s)

–724.0

–492.4

116.9

Al2(SO4)3(s)

–3445.06

–3506.61

239.32

 
Standard Thermodynamic Properties For Antimony

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Sb(s)

0

0

45.69

Sb(g)

262.34

222.17

180.16

Sb4O6(s)

–1440.55

–1268.17

220.92

SbCl3(g)

–313.8

–301.2

337.80

SbCl5(g)

–394.34

–334.29

401.94

Sb2S3(s)

–174.89

–173.64

182.00

SbCl3(s)

–382.17

–323.72

184.10

SbOCl(s)

–374.0

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Arsenic

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

As(s)

0

0

35.1

As(g)

302.5

261.0

174.21

As4(g)

143.9

92.4

314

As4O6(s)

–1313.94

–1152.52

214.22

As2O5(s)

–924.87

–782.41

105.44

AsCl3(g)

–261.50

–248.95

327.06

As2S3(s)

–169.03

–168.62

163.59

AsH3(g)

66.44

68.93

222.78

H3AsO4(s)

–906.3

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Barium

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Ba(s)

0

0

62.5

Ba(g)

180

146

170.24

Ba2+(aq)

–537.6

–560.8

9.6

BaO(s)

–548.0

–520.3

72.1

BaCl2(s)

–855.0

–806.7

123.7

BaSO4(s)

–1473.2

–1362.3

132.2

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Beryllium

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Be(s)

0

0

9.50

Be(g)

324.3

286.6

136.27

BeO(s)

–609.4

–580.1

13.8

 
Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Bismuth

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Bi(s)

0

0

56.74

Bi(g)

207.1

168.2

187.00

Bi2O3(s)

–573.88

–493.7

151.5

BiCl3(s)

–379.07

–315.06

176.98

Bi2S3(s)

–143.1

–140.6

200.4

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Boron

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

B(s)

0

0

5.86

B(g)

565.0

521.0

153.4

B2O3(s)

–1273.5

–1194.3

53.97

B2H6(g)

36.4

87.6

232.1

H3BO3(s)

–1094.33

–968.92

88.83

BF3(g)

–1136.0

–1119.4

254.4

BCl3(g)

–403.8

–388.7

290.1

B3N3H6(l)

–540.99

–392.79

199.58

HBO2(s)

–794.25

–723.41

37.66

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Bromine

Substance

ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Br2(l)

0

0

152.23

Br2(g)

30.91

3.142

245.5

Br(g)

111.88

82.429

175.0

Br–(aq)

–120.9

–102.82

80.71

BrF3(g)

–255.60

–229.45

292.42

HBr(g)

–36.3

–53.43

198.7

cadmium

Cd(s)

0

0

51.76

Cd(g)

112.01

77.41

167.75

Cd2+(aq)

–75.90

–77.61

–73.2

CdO(s)

–258.2

–228.4

54.8

CdCl2(s)

–391.5

–343.9

115.3

CdSO4(s)

–933.3

–822.7

123.0

CdS(s)

–161.9

–156.5

64.9

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Calcium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Ca(s)

0

0

41.6

Ca(g)

178.2

144.3

154.88

Ca2+(aq)

–542.96

–553.04

–55.2

CaO(s)

–634.9

–603.3

38.1

Ca(OH)2(s)

–985.2

–897.5

83.4

CaSO4(s)

–1434.5

–1322.0

106.5

CaSO4·2H2O(s)

–2022.63

–1797.45

194.14

CaCO3(s) (calcite)

–1220.0

–1081.4

110.0

CaSO3·H2O(s)

–1752.68

–1555.19

184.10

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Carbon

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

C(s) (graphite)

0

0

5.740

C(s) (diamond)

1.89

2.90

2.38

C(g)

716.681

671.2

158.1

CO(g)

–110.52

–137.15

197.7

CO2(g)

–393.51

–394.36

213.8

CO3 2–(aq)

–677.1

–527.8

–56.9

CH4(g)

–74.6

–50.5

186.3

CH3OH(l)

–239.2

–166.6

126.8

CH3OH(g)

–201.0

–162.3

239.9

CCl4(l)

–128.2

–62.5

214.4

CCl4(g)

–95.7

–58.2

309.7

CHCl3(l)

–134.1

–73.7

201.7

CHCl3(g)

–103.14

–70.34

295.71

CS2(l)

89.70

65.27

151.34

CS2(g)

116.9

66.8

238.0

C2H2(g)

227.4

209.2

200.9

C2H4(g)

52.4

68.4

219.3

C2H6(g)

–84.0

–32.0

229.2

CH3CO2H(l)

–484.3

–389.9

159.8

CH3CO2H(g)

–434.84

–376.69

282.50

C2H5OH(l)

–277.6

–174.8

160.7

C2H5OH(g)

–234.8

–167.9

281.6

HCO3 –(aq)

–691.11

–587.06

95

C3H8(g)

–103.8

–23.4

270.3

C6H6(g)

82.927

129.66

269.2

C6H6(l)

49.1

124.50

173.4

CH2Cl2(l)

–124.2

–63.2

177.8

CH2Cl2(g)

–95.4

–65.90

270.2

CH3Cl(g)

–81.9

–60.2

234.6

C2H5Cl(l)

–136.52

–59.31

190.79

C2H5Cl(g)

–112.17

–60.39

276.00

C2N2(g)

308.98

297.36

241.90

HCN(l)

108.9

125.0

112.8

HCN(g)

135.5

124.7

201.8

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Cesium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Cs+(aq)

–248

–282.0

133

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Chlorine

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Cl2(g)

0

0

223.1

Cl(g)

121.3

105.70

165.2

Cl–(aq)

–167.2

–131.2

56.5

ClF(g)

–54.48

–55.94

217.78

ClF3(g)

–158.99

–118.83

281.50

Cl2O(g)

80.3

97.9

266.2

Cl2O7(l)

238.1

Cl2O7(g)

272.0

HCl(g)

–92.307

–95.299

186.9

HClO4(l)

–40.58

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Chromium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Cr(s)

0

0

23.77

Cr(g)

396.6

351.8

174.50

CrO4 2–(aq)

–881.2

–727.8

50.21

Cr2O7 2–(aq)

–1490.3

–1301.1

261.9

Cr2O3(s)

–1139.7

–1058.1

81.2

CrO3(s)

–589.5

(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)

–1806.7

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Cobalt

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Co(s)

0

0

30.0

Co2+(aq)

–67.4

–51.5

–155

Co3+(aq)

92

134

–305.0

CoO(s)

–237.9

–214.2

52.97

Co3O4(s)

–910.02

–794.98

114.22

Co(NO3)2(s)

–420.5

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Copper

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Cu(s)

0

0

33.15

Cu(g)

338.32

298.58

166.38

Cu+(aq)

51.9

50.2

–26

Cu2+(aq)

64.77

65.49

–99.6

CuO(s)

–157.3

–129.7

42.63

Cu2O(s)

–168.6

–146.0

93.14

CuS(s)

–53.1

–53.6

66.5

Cu2S(s)

–79.5

–86.2

120.9

CuSO4(s)

–771.36

–662.2

109.2

Cu(NO3)2(s)

–302.9

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Fluorine

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

F2(g)

0

0

202.8

F(g)

79.4

62.3

158.8

F–(aq)

–332.6

–278.8

–13.8

F2O(g)

24.7

41.9

247.43

HF(g)

–273.3

–275.4

173.8

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Hydrogen

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

H2(g)

0

0

130.7

H(g)

217.97

203.26

114.7

H+(aq)

0

0

0

OH–(aq)

–230.0

–157.2

–10.75

H3O+(aq)

–285.8

69.91

H2O(l)

–285.83

–237.1

70.0

H2O(g)

–241.82

–228.59

188.8

H2O2(l)

–187.78

–120.35

109.6

H2O2(g)

–136.3

–105.6

232.7

HF(g)

–273.3

–275.4

173.8

HCl(g)

–92.307

–95.299

186.9

HBr(g)

–36.3

–53.43

198.7

HI(g)

26.48

1.70

206.59

H2S(g)

–20.6

–33.4

205.8

H2Se(g)

29.7

15.9

219.0

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Iodine

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

I2(s)

0

0

116.14

I2(g)

62.438

19.3

260.7

I(g)

106.84

70.2

180.8

I–(aq)

–55.19

–51.57

11.13

IF(g)

95.65

–118.49

236.06

ICl(g)

17.78

–5.44

247.44

IBr(g)

40.84

3.72

258.66

IF7(g)

–943.91

–818.39

346.44

HI(g)

26.48

1.70

206.59

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Iron

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Fe(s)

0

0

27.3

Fe(g)

416.3

370.7

180.5

Fe2+(aq)

–89.1

–78.90

–137.7

Fe3+(aq)

–48.5

–4.7

–315.9

Fe2O3(s)

–824.2

–742.2

87.40

Fe3O4(s)

–1118.4

–1015.4

146.4

Fe(CO)5(l)

–774.04

–705.42

338.07

Fe(CO)5(g)

–733.87

–697.26

445.18

FeCl2(s)

–341.79

–302.30

117.95

FeCl3(s)

–399.49

–334.00

142.3

FeO(s)

–272.0

–255.2

60.75

Fe(OH)2(s)

–569.0

–486.5

88.

Fe(OH)3(s)

–823.0

–696.5

106.7

FeS(s)

–100.0

–100.4

60.29

Fe3C(s)

25.10

20.08

104.60

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Lead

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Pb(s)

0

0

64.81

Pb(g)

195.2

162.

175.4

Pb2+(aq)

–1.7

–24.43

10.5

PbO(s) (yellow)

–217.32

–187.89

68.70

PbO(s) (red)

–218.99

–188.93

66.5

Pb(OH)2(s)

–515.9

PbS(s)

–100.4

–98.7

91.2

Pb(NO3)2(s)

–451.9

PbO2(s)

–277.4

–217.3

68.6

PbCl2(s)

–359.4

–314.1

136.0

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Lithium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Li(s)

0

0

29.1

Li(g)

159.3

126.6

138.8

Li+(aq)

–278.5

–293.3

13.4

LiH(s)

–90.5

–68.3

20.0

Li(OH)(s)

–487.5

–441.5

42.8

LiF(s)

–616.0

–587.5

35.7

Li2CO3(s)

–1216.04

–1132.19

90.17

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Magnesium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Mg2+(aq)

–466.9

–454.8

–138.1

Standard Thermodyanmic Properties for Manganese

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Mn(s)

0

0

32.0

Mn(g)

280.7

238.5

173.7

Mn2+(aq)

–220.8

–228.1

–73.6

MnO(s)

–385.2

–362.9

59.71

MnO2(s)

–520.03

–465.1

53.05

Mn2O3(s)

–958.97

–881.15

110.46

Mn3O4(s)

–1378.83

–1283.23

155.64

MnO4 –(aq)

–541.4

–447.2

191.2

MnO4 2–(aq)

–653.0

–500.7

59

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Mercury

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Hg(l)

0

0

75.9

Hg(g)

61.4

31.8

175.0

Hg2+(aq)

164.8

Hg2+(aq)

172.4

153.9

84.5

HgO(s) (red)

–90.83

–58.5

70.29

HgO(s) (yellow)

–90.46

–58.43

71.13

HgCl2(s)

–224.3

–178.6

146.0

Hg2Cl2(s)

–265.4

–210.7

191.6

HgS(s) (red)

–58.16

–50.6

82.4

HgS(s) (black)

–53.56

–47.70

88.28

HgSO4(s)

–707.51

–594.13

0.00

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Nickel

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Ni2+(aq)

–64.0

–46.4

–159

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Nitrogen

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

N2(g)

0

0

191.6

N(g)

472.704

455.5

153.3

NO(g)

90.25

87.6

210.8

NO2(g)

33.2

51.30

240.1

N2O(g)

81.6

103.7

220.0

N2O3(g)

83.72

139.41

312.17

NO3 –(aq)

–205.0

–108.7

146.4

N2O4(g)

11.1

99.8

304.4

N2O5(g)

11.3

115.1

355.7

NH3(g)

–45.9

–16.5

192.8

NH4 +(aq)

–132.5

–79.31

113.4

N2H4(l)

50.63

149.43

121.21

N2H4(g)

95.4

159.4

238.5

NH4NO3(s)

–365.56

–183.87

151.08

NH4Cl(s)

–314.43

–202.87

94.6

NH4Br(s)

–270.8

–175.2

113.0

NH4I(s)

–201.4

–112.5

117.0

NH4NO2(s)

–256.5

HNO3(l)

–174.1

–80.7

155.6

HNO3(g)

–133.9

–73.5

266.9

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Oxygen

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

O2(g)

0

0

205.2

O(g)

249.17

231.7

161.1

O3(g)

142.7

163.2

238.9

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Phosphorus

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

P4(s)

0

0

164.4

P4(g)

58.91

24.4

280.0

P(g)

314.64

278.25

163.19

PH3(g)

5.4

13.5

210.2

PCl3(g)

–287.0

–267.8

311.78

PCl5(g)

–374.9

–305.0

364.4

P4O6(s)

–1640.1

P4O10(s)

–2984.0

–2697.0

228.86

PO4 3–(aq)

–1277

–1019

–222

HPO3(s)

–948.5

HPO4 2–(aq)

–1292.1

–1089.3

–33

H2PO4 2–(aq)

–1296.3

–1130.4

90.4

H3PO2(s)

–604.6

H3PO3(s)

–964.4

H3PO4(s)

–1279.0

–1119.1

110.50

H3PO4(l)

–1266.9

–1124.3

110.5

H4P2O7(s)

–2241.0

POCl3(l)

–597.1

–520.8

222.5

POCl3(g)

–558.5

–512.9

325.5

Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Potassium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

K(s)

0

0

64.7

K(g)

89.0

60.5

160.3

K+(aq)

–252.4

–283.3

102.5

KF(s)

–576.27

–537.75

66.57

KCl(s)

–436.5

–408.5

82.6

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Rubidium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Rb+(aq)

–246

–282.2

124

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Silicon

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Si(s)

0

0

18.8

Si(g)

450.0

405.5

168.0

SiO2(s)

–910.7

–856.3

41.5

SiH4(g)

34.3

56.9

204.6

H2SiO3(s)

–1188.67

–1092.44

133.89

H4SiO4(s)

–1481.14

–1333.02

192.46

SiF4(g)

–1615.0

–1572.8

282.8

SiCl4(l)

–687.0

–619.8

239.7

SiCl4(g)

–662.75

–622.58

330.62

SiC(s, beta cubic)

–73.22

–70.71

16.61

SiC(s, alpha hexagonal)

–71.55

–69.04

16.48

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Silver

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Ag(s)

0

0

42.55

Ag(g)

284.9

246.0

172.89

Ag+(aq)

105.6

77.11

72.68

Ag2O(s)

–31.05

–11.20

121.3

AgCl(s)

–127.0

–109.8

96.3

Ag2S(s)

–32.6

–40.7

144.0

Standard Thermodyanmic Properties for Sodium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Na(s)

0

0

51.3

Na(g)

107.5

77.0

153.7

Na+(aq)

–240.1

–261.9

59

Na2O(s)

–414.2

–375.5

75.1

NaCl(s)

–411.2

–384.1

72.1

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Strontium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Sr2+(aq)

–545.8

–557.3

–32.6

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Sulfur

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

S8(s) (rhombic)

0

0

256.8

S(g)

278.81

238.25

167.82

S2–(aq)

41.8

83.7

22

SO2(g)

–296.83

–300.1

248.2

SO3(g)

–395.72

–371.06

256.76

SO4 2–(aq)

–909.3

–744.5

20.1

S2O3 2–(aq)

–648.5

–522.5

67

H2S(g)

–20.6

–33.4

205.8

HS–(aq)

–17.7

12.6

61.1

H2SO4(l)

–813.989

690.00

156.90

HSO4 2–(aq)

–885.75

–752.87

126.9

H2S2O7(s)

–1273.6

SF4(g)

–728.43

–684.84

291.12

SF6(g)

–1220.5

–1116.5

291.5

SCl2(l)

–50

SCl2(g)

–19.7

S2Cl2(l)

–59.4

S2Cl2(g)

–19.50

–29.25

319.45

SOCl2(g)

–212.55

–198.32

309.66

SOCl2(l)

–245.6

SO2Cl2(l)

–394.1

SO2Cl2(g)

–354.80

–310.45

311.83

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Tin

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Sn(s)

0

0

51.2

Sn(g)

301.2

266.2

168.5

SnO(s)

–285.8

–256.9

56.5

SnO2(s)

–577.6

–515.8

49.0

SnCl4(l)

–511.3

–440.1

258.6

SnCl4(g)

–471.5

–432.2

365.8

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Titanium

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Ti(s)

0

0

30.7

Ti(g)

473.0

428.4

180.3

TiO2(s)

–944.0

–888.8

50.6

TiCl4(l)

–804.2

–737.2

252.4

TiCl4(g)

–763.2

–726.3

353.2

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Tungsten

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

W(s)

0

0

32.6

W(g)

849.4

807.1

174.0

WO3(s)

–842.9

–764.0

75.9

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Zinc

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

Zn(s)

0

0

41.6

Zn(g)

130.73

95.14

160.98

Zn2+(aq)

–153.9

–147.1

–112.1

ZnO(s)

–350.5

–320.5

43.7

ZnCl2(s)

–415.1

–369.43

111.5

ZnS(s)

–206.0

–201.3

57.7

ZnSO4(s)

–982.8

–871.5

110.5

ZnCO3(s)

–812.78

–731.57

82.42

Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Complexes

Substance ΔH°f(kJ mol)

ΔG°f(kJ mol1)

S° (J K–1 mol–1)

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis

–898.7

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans

–896.2

NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]

–837.6

[Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3

–2733.0

[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis

–874.9

[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans

–877.4

[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis

–689.5

[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis

–681.2

[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans

–677.4

[Co(en)3](ClO4)3

–762.7

[Co(en)3]Br2

–595.8

[Co(en)3]I2

–475.3

[Co(en)3]I3

–519.2

[Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3

–1034.7

–221.1

615

[Co(NH3)5NO2](NO3)2

–1088.7

–412.9

331

[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3

–1282.0

–524.5

448

[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2

–1017.1

–582.5

366.1

[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2

–725.5

[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2

–994.1

[Ni(NH3)6]Br2

–923.8

[Ni(NH3)6]I2

–808.3

Table G1

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Chemistry 112 (Chapters 12-17 of OpenStax General Chemistry) Copyright © 2019 by Rice University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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