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Preface
Chapter 1 – Introduction
OpenStax
Chemistry in Context (1.1)
Phases and Classification of Matter (1.2)
Physical and Chemical Properties (1.3)
Measurements (1.4)
Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision (1.5)
Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results (1.6)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 1)
Chapter 2 – Introduction
Early Ideas in Atomic Theory (2.1)
Evolution of Atomic Theory (2.2)
Atomic Structure and Symbolism (2.3)
Chemical Formulas (2.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 2)
Chapter 3 Introduction
Electromagnetic Energy (3.1)
The Bohr Model (3.2)
Development of Quantum Theory (3.3)
Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations) (3.4)
Periodic Variations in Element Properties (3.5)
The Periodic Table (3.6)
Molecular and Ionic Compounds (3.7)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 3)
Chapter 4 – Introduction
Ionic Bonding (4.1)
Covalent Bonding (4.2)
Chemical Nomenclature (4.3)
Lewis Symbols and Structures (4.4)
Formal Charges and Resonance (4.5)
Molecular Structure and Polarity (4.6)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 4)
Chapter 5 – Introduction
Valence Bond Theory (5.1)
Hybrid Atomic Orbitals (5.2)
Multiple Bonds (5.3)
Molecular Orbital Theory (5.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 5)
Chapter 6 – Introduction
Formula Mass (6.1)
Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas (6.2)
Molarity (6.3)
Other Units for Solution Concetrations (6.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries and Exercises (Chapter 6)
Chapter 7 – Introduction
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations (7.1)
Classifying Chemical Reactions (7.2)
Reaction Stoichiometry (7.3)
Reaction Yields (7.4)
Quantitative Chemical Analysis (7.5)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries and Exercises (Chapter 7)
Chapter 8 – Introduction
Gas Pressure (8.1)
Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law (8.2)
Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions (8.3)
Effusion and Diffusion of Gases (8.4)
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (8.5)
Non-Ideal Gas Behavior (8.6)
Key Terms, Key Equations, and Exercises (Chapter 8)
Chapter 9 – Introduction
Energy Basics (9.1)
Calorimetry (9.2)
Enthalpy (9.3)
Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds (9.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 9)
Chapter 10 Introduction
Intermolecular Forces (10.1)
Properties of Liquids (10.2)
Phase Transitions (10.3)
Phase Diagrams (10.4)
The Solid State of Matter (10.5)
Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids (10.6)
Key terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 10)
Chapter 11 Introduction
The Dissolution Process (11.1)
Electrolytes (11.2)
Solubility (11.3)
Colligative Properties (11.4)
Colloids (11.5)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 11)
Introduction (Chapter 12)
Chemical Reaction Rates (12.1)
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates (12.2)
Rate Laws (12.3)
Integrated Rate Laws (12.4)
Collision Theory (12.5)
Reaction Mechanisms (12.6)
Catalysis (12.7)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 12)
Introduction (Chapter 13)
Chemical Equilibria (13.1)
Equilibrium Constants (13.2)
Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle (13.3)
Equilibrium Calculations (13.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 13)
Introduction (Chapter 14)
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases (14.1)
pH and pOH (14.2)
Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases (14.3)
Hydrolysis of Salts (14.4)
Polyprotic Acids (14.5)
Buffers (14.6)
Acid-Base Titrations (14.7)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 14)
Introduction (Chapter 15)
Precipitation and Dissolution (15.1)
Lewis Acids and Bases (15.2)
Coupled Equilibria (15.3)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 15)
Introduction (Chapter 16)
Spontaneity (16.1)
Entropy (16.2)
The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics (16.3)
Free Energy (16.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 16)
Introduction (Chapter 17)
Review of Redox Chemistry (17.1)
Galvanic Cells (17.2)
Electrode and Cell Potentials (17.3)
Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium (17.4)
Batteries and Fuel Cells (17.5)
Corrosion (17.6)
Electrolysis (17.7)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 17)
Periodicity (18.1)
Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals (18.2)
Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids (18.3)
Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals (18.4)
Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen (18.5)
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates (18.6)
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen (18.7)
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus (18.8)
Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen (18.9)
Occurence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur (18.10)
Occurence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens (18.11)
Occurence, Preparation, and Properties of Noble Gases (18.12)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 18)
Chapter 19 – Introduction
Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds (19.1)
Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals (19.2)
Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds (19.3)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 19)
Chapter 20 – Introduction
Nuclear Structure and Stability (20.1)
Nuclear Equations (20.2)
Radioactive Decay (20.3)
Transmutation and Nuclear Energy (20.4)
Uses of Radioisotopes (20.5)
Biological Effects of Radiation (20.6)
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 20)
Chapter 21 – Introduction
Hydrocarbons (21.1)
Alcohols and Ethers (21.2)
Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters (21.3)
Amines and Amides (21.4)
Key Terms, Key Equations, and Exercises (Chapter 21)
Appendix
Appendix A – The Periodic Table
Appendix B – Essential Mathematics
Appendix C – Units And Conversion Factors
Appendix D – Fundamental Physical Constants
Appendix E – Water Properties
Appendix F – Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
Appendix G – Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Appendix H – Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Appendix I – Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Appendix J – Solubility Products
Appendix K – Formation Constants for Complex Ions
Appendix L – Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Appendix M – Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
Acknowledgments
Appendix A1187
Appendix A
The Periodic Table
Figure A1
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Appendix A – The Periodic Table Copyright © by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.