Module 5: Continuous Random Variables
Continuous Probability Functions
Barbara Illowsky & OpenStax et al.
We begin by defining a continuous probability density function. We use the function notation f(x). Intermediate algebra may have been your first formal introduction to functions. In the study of probability, the functions we study are special. We define the function f(x) so that the area between it and the x-axis is equal to a probability. Since the maximum probability is one, the maximum area is also one. For continuous probability distributions, PROBABILITY = AREA.
Example
Consider the function [latex]f(x)displaystylefrac{{1}}{{20}}[/latex] is a horizontal line. However, since [latex]0{leq}x{leq}20[/latex], f(x) is restricted to the portion between [latex]x=0[/latex] and [latex]x=20[/latex], inclusive.
[latex]f(x)=frac{{1}}{{20}}[/latex] for [latex]0{leq}x{leq}20[/latex].
The graph of [latex]f(x)=frac{{1}}{{20}}[/latex] is a horizontal line segment when [latex]0{leq}x{leq}20[/latex].
The area between [latex]f(x)frac{{1}}{{20}}[/latex].
[latex]displaystyletext{AREA}={20}{(frac{{1}}{{20}})}={1}[/latex]Suppose we want to find the area between [latex]f(x)=[/latex] and the x-axis where [latex]0 [latex]displaystyletext{AREA}={({2}-{0})}{(frac{{1}}{{20}})}={0.1}[/latex][latex]displaystyle({2}-{0})={2}=text{base of a rectangle}[/latex]Reminder: area of a rectangle = (base)(height).The area corresponds to a probability. The probability that x is between zero and two is 0.1, which can be written mathematically as [latex]P(0 Suppose we want to find the area between [latex]f(x)=frac{{1}}{{20}}[/latex] and the x-axis where [latex]4 [latex]displaystyletext{AREA}={({15}-{4})}{(frac{{1}}{{20}})}={0.55}[/latex] [latex]displaystyletext{AREA}={({15}-{4})}{(frac{{1}}{{20}})}={0.55}[/latex] [latex]displaystyle{({15}-{4})}={11}=text{the base of a rectangle}[/latex] The area corresponds to the probability [latex]P(4 Suppose we want to find [latex]P(x=15)[/latex]. On an x-y graph, [latex]x=15[/latex] is a vertical line. A vertical line has no width (or zero width). Therefore, [latex]P(x=15)=(text{base})(text{height})=(0){(frac{{1}}{{20}})}=0[/latex] [latex]P(X{leq}x)[/latex] (can be written as [latex]P(X Label the graph with f(x) and x. Scale the x and y axes with the maximum x and y values.f(x) = [latex]displaystylefrac{{1}}{{20}}[/latex], [latex]0{leq}x{leq}20[/latex]. To calculate the probability that x is between two values, look at the following graph. Shade the region between [latex]x=2.3[/latex] and [latex]x=12.7[/latex]. Then calculate the shaded area of a rectangle. [latex]displaystyle{P}{({2.3}{<}{x}{<}{12.7})}={(text{base})}{(text{height})}={({12.7}-{2.3})}{(frac{{1}}{{20}})}={0.52}[/latex]
Please watch this video to help you summarize what you just read.
Try It
Consider the function [latex]f(x)frac{{1}}{{8}}[/latex] for [latex]0{leq}x{leq}8[/latex]. Draw the graph of f(x) and find [latex]P(2.5 [reveal-answer q=”287031″]Show Solution[/reveal-answer] [latex]P (2.5
[hidden-answer a=”287031″]
Concept Review
The probability density function (pdf) is used to describe probabilities for continuous random variables. The area under the density curve between two points corresponds to the probability that the variable falls between those two values. In other words, the area under the density curve between points The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of X is defined by P (X ≤ x). It is a function of x that gives the probability that the random variable is less than or equal to x. Probability density function (pdf) f(x): Cumulative distribution function (cdf): [latex]P(X{leq}x)[/latex]
a and b is equal to [latex]P(aFormula Review