Module 10: Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples
Matched or Paired Samples
Barbara Illowsky & OpenStax et al.
When using a hypothesis test for matched or paired samples, the following characteristics should be present:
- Simple random sampling is used.
- Sample sizes are often small.
- Two measurements (samples) are drawn from the same pair of individuals or objects.
- Differences are calculated from the matched or paired samples.
- The differences form the sample that is used for the hypothesis test.
- Either the matched pairs have differences that come from a population that is normal or the number of differences is sufficiently large so that distribution of the sample mean of differences is approximately normal.
In a hypothesis test for matched or paired samples, subjects are matched in pairs and differences are calculated. The differences are the data. The population mean for the differences, μd, is then tested using a Student’s-t test for a single population mean with n – 1 degrees of freedom, where n is the number of differences.
The test statistic (t-score) is:
[latex]displaystyle{t}=frac{{overline{{x}}_{{d}}-{mu}_{{d}}}}{{{(frac{{s}_{{d}}}{sqrt{{n}}})}}}[/latex]https://www.youtube.com/embed/5ABpqVSx33I
Example
A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of hypnotism in reducing pain. Results for randomly selected subjects are shown in the table below. A lower score indicates less pain. The “before” value is matched to an “after” value and the differences are calculated. The differences have a normal distribution. Are the sensory measurements, on average, lower after hypnotism? Test at a 5% significance level.
| Subject: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | 6.6 | 6.5 | 9.0 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 8.1 | 6.3 | 11.6 |
| After | 6.8 | 2.4 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 6.1 | 3.4 | 2.0 |
Solution:
Corresponding “before” and “after” values form matched pairs. (Calculate “after” – “before.”)
| After Data | Before Data | Difference |
|---|---|---|
| 6.8 | 6.6 | 0.2 |
| 2.4 | 6.5 | -4.1 |
| 7.4 | 9 | -1.6 |
| 8.5 | 10.3 | -1.8 |
| 8.1 | 11.3 | -3.2 |
| 6.1 | 8.1 | -2 |
| 3.4 | 6.3 | -2.9 |
| 2 | 11.6 | -9.6 |
The data for the test are the differences: {0.2, –4.1, –1.6, –1.8, –3.2, –2, –2.9, –9.6}
The sample mean and sample standard deviation of the differences are [latex]displaystyleoverline{{x}}_{{d}}=-{3.13}{quadtext{and}quad}{s}_{{d}}={2.91}[/latex]. Verify these values.
Let be the population mean for the differences. We use the subscript to denote “differences.”
Random variable: [latex]displaystyleoverline{{X}}_{{d}}[/latex] = the mean difference of the sensory measurements
H0: μd ≥ 0
The null hypothesis is zero or positive, meaning that there is the same or more pain felt after hypnotism. That means the subject shows no improvement. μd is the population mean of the differences.)
Ha: μd < 0
The alternative hypothesis is negative, meaning there is less pain felt after hypnotism. That means the subject shows improvement. The score should be lower after hypnotism, so the difference ought to be negative to indicate improvement.
Distribution for the test: The distribution is a Student’s t with df = n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7. Use t7. (Notice that the test is for a single population mean.)
Calculate the p-value using the Student’s-t distribution: p-value = 0.0095
Graph:
[latex]displaystyleoverline{{X}}_{{d}}[/latex] is the random variable for the differences.
The sample mean and sample standard deviation of the differences are:
[latex]displaystyleoverline{{x}}_{{d}}=-{3.13}[/latex][latex]displaystyle{s}_{{d}}={2.91}[/latex]Compare α and the p-value: α = 0.05 and p-value = 0.0095. α > p-value.
Make a decision: Since α > p-value, reject H0. This means that μd < 0 and there is improvement.
Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the sensory measurements, on average, are lower after hypnotism. Hypnotism appears to be effective in reducing pain.
Note
For the TI-83+ and TI-84 calculators, you can either calculate the differences ahead of time (after – before) and put the differences into a list or you can put the after data into a first list and the before data into a second list. Then go to a third list and arrow up to the name. Enter 1st list name – 2nd list name. The calculator will do the subtraction, and you will have the differences in the third list.
Using a Calculator
- Use your list of differences as the data.
- Press
STAT
and arrow over toTESTS
. - Press
2:T-Test
. - Arrow over to
Data
and pressENTER
. - Arrow down and enter
0
for , the name of the list where you put the data, and1
for Freq:. - Arrow down to
μ
: and arrow over to<
. - Press
ENTER
. - Arrow down to
Calculate
and pressENTER
. - The p-value is 0.0094, and the test statistic is –3.04.
- Do these instructions again except, arrow to
Draw
(instead ofCalculate
). PressENTER
.
try it
A study was conducted to investigate how effective a new diet was in lowering cholesterol. Results for the randomly selected subjects are shown in the table. The differences have a normal distribution. Are the subjects’ cholesterol levels lower on average after the diet? Test at the 5% level.
| Subject | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
| Before | 209 | 210 | 205 | 198 | 216 | 217 | 238 | 240 | 222 |
| After | 199 | 207 | 189 | 209 | 217 | 202 | 211 | 223 | 201 |
The p-value is 0.0130, so we can reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to suggest that the diet lowers cholesterol.
Example
A college football coach was interested in whether the college’s strength development class increased his players’ maximum lift (in pounds) on the bench press exercise. He asked four of his players to participate in a study. The amount of weight they could each lift was recorded before they took the strength development class. After completing the class, the amount of weight they could each lift was again measured. The data are as follows:
| Weight (in pounds) | Player 1 | Player 2 | Player 3 | Player 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amount of weight lifted prior to the class | 205 | 241 | 338 | 368 |
| Amount of weight lifted after the class | 295 | 252 | 330 | 360 |
The coach wants to know if the strength development class makes his players stronger, on average.
Solution:
Record the differences data. Calculate the differences by subtracting the amount of weight lifted prior to the class from the weight lifted after completing the class. The data for the differences are: {90, 11, -8, -8}. Assume the differences have a normal distribution.
Using the differences data, calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation.
[latex]displaystyleoverline{{x}}_{{d}}={21.3},{s}_{{d}}={46.7}[/latex]
Note
The data given here would indicate that the distribution is actually right-skewed. The difference 90 may be an extreme outlier? It is pulling the sample mean to be 21.3 (positive). The means of the other three data values are actually negative.
Using the difference data, this becomes a test of a single __________ (fill in the blank).
Define the random variable: [latex]displaystyleoverline{{X}}_{{d}}[/latex] mean difference in the maximum lift per player.
The distribution for the hypothesis test is t3.
H0: μd ≤ 0, Ha: μd > 0
Graph:
Calculate the p-value: The p-value is 0.2150
Decision: If the level of significance is 5%, the decision is not to reject the null hypothesis, because α < p-value.
Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the strength development class helped to make the players stronger, on average.
try it
A new prep class was designed to improve SAT test scores. Five students were selected at random. Their scores on two practice exams were recorded, one before the class and one after. The data recorded in this table. Are the scores, on average, higher after the class? Test at a 5% level.
| SAT Scores | Student 1 | Student 2 | Student 3 | Student 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score before class | 1840 | 1960 | 1920 | 2150 |
| Score after class | 1920 | 2160 | 2200 | 2100 |
The p-value is 0.0874, so we decline to reject the null hypothesis. The data do not support that the class improves SAT scores significantly.
Example
Seven eighth graders at Kennedy Middle School measured how far they could push the shot-put with their dominant (writing) hand and their weaker (non-writing) hand. They thought that they could push equal distances with either hand. The data were collected and recorded in this table.
| Distance (in feet) using | Student 1 | Student 2 | Student 3 | Student 4 | Student 5 | Student 6 | Student 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominant Hand | 30 | 26 | 34 | 17 | 19 | 26 | 20 |
| Weaker Hand | 28 | 14 | 27 | 18 | 17 | 26 | 16 |
Conduct a hypothesis test to determine whether the mean difference in distances between the children’s dominant versus weaker hands is significant.
Solution:
Record the differences data. Calculate the differences by subtracting the distances with the weaker hand from the distances with the dominant hand. The data for the differences are: {2, 12, 7, –1, 2, 0, 4}. The differences have a normal distribution.
Using the differences data, calculate the sample mean and the sample standard deviation. [latex]displaystyleoverline{{x}}_{{d}}={3.71},{s}_{{d}}={4.5}[/latex].
Random variable: [latex]displaystyleoverline{{X}}_{{d}}[/latex] = mean difference in the distances between the hands.
Distribution for the hypothesis test:t6
H0: μd = 0 Ha: μd ≠ 0
Graph:
Calculate the p-value: The p-value is 0.0716 (using the data directly).
(test statistic = 2.18. p-value = 0.0719 using
Decision: Assume α = 0.05. Since α < p-value, Do not reject H0.
Conclusion: At the 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the children’s weaker and dominant hands to push the shot-put.
try it
Five ball players think they can throw the same distance with their dominant hand (throwing) and off-hand (catching hand). The data were collected and recorded in the table below. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine whether the mean difference in distances between the dominant and off-hand is significant. Test at the 5% level.
| Player 1 | Player 2 | Player 3 | Player 4 | Player 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominant Hand | 120 | 111 | 135 | 140 | 125 |
| Off-hand | 105 | 109 | 98 | 111 | 99 |
The p-level is 0.0230, so we can reject the null hypothesis. The data show that the players do not throw the same distance with their off-hands as they do with their dominant hands.
Concept Review
A hypothesis test for matched or paired samples (t-test) has these characteristics:
- Test the differences by subtracting one measurement from the other measurement
- Random Variable: [latex]displaystyleoverline{{x}}_{{d}}[/latex] = mean of the differences
- Distribution: Student’s-t distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom
- If the number of differences is small (less than 30), the differences must follow a normal distribution.
- Two samples are drawn from the same set of objects.
- Samples are dependent.
Formula Review
Test Statistic (t-score): [latex]displaystyle{t}=frac{{overline{{x}}_{{d}}-{mu}_{{d}}}}{{{(frac{{s}_{{d}}}{sqrt{{n}}})}}}[/latex]
where: [latex]displaystyleoverline{{x}}_{{d}}[/latex] is the mean of the sample differences. μd is the mean of the population differences. sd is the sample standard deviation of the differences. n is the sample size.